CO2 / PPM /Annual Averages / Data Source: noaa.gov 1980 338.91ppm 1981 340.11ppm 1982 340.86ppm 1983 342.53ppm 1984 344.07ppm 1985 345.54ppm 1986 346.97ppm 1987 348.68ppm 1988 351.16ppm 1989 352.78ppm 1990 354.05ppm 1991 355.39ppm 1992 356.1ppm 1993 356.83ppm 1994 358.33ppm 1995 360.18ppm 1996 361.93ppm 1997 363.04ppm 1998 365.7ppm 1999 367.8ppm 2000 368.97ppm 2001 370.57ppm 2002 372.59ppm 2003 375.14ppm 2004 376.96ppm 2005 378.97ppm 2006 381.13ppm 2007 382.9ppm 2008 385.01ppm 2009 386.5ppm 2010 388.76ppm 2011 390.63ppm 2012 392.65ppm 2013 395.39ppm 2014 397.34ppm 2015 399.65ppm 2016 403.09ppm 2017 405.22ppm 2018 407.62ppm 2019 410.07ppm 2020 412.44ppm 2021 414.72ppm 2022 418.56ppm 2023 421.08ppm 2024 424.61ppm 2025 427.35ppm
CO2 / PPM /Annual Averages / Data Source: noaa.gov 1980 338.91ppm 1981 340.11ppm 1982 340.86ppm 1983 342.53ppm 1984 344.07ppm 1985 345.54ppm 1986 346.97ppm 1987 348.68ppm 1988 351.16ppm 1989 352.78ppm 1990 354.05ppm 1991 355.39ppm 1992 356.1ppm 1993 356.83ppm 1994 358.33ppm 1995 360.18ppm 1996 361.93ppm 1997 363.04ppm 1998 365.7ppm 1999 367.8ppm 2000 368.97ppm 2001 370.57ppm 2002 372.59ppm 2003 375.14ppm 2004 376.96ppm 2005 378.97ppm 2006 381.13ppm 2007 382.9ppm 2008 385.01ppm 2009 386.5ppm 2010 388.76ppm 2011 390.63ppm 2012 392.65ppm 2013 395.39ppm 2014 397.34ppm 2015 399.65ppm 2016 403.09ppm 2017 405.22ppm 2018 407.62ppm 2019 410.07ppm 2020 412.44ppm 2021 414.72ppm 2022 418.56ppm 2023 421.08ppm 2024 424.61ppm 2025 427.35ppm
Article
News & Views

Asset owners are repositioning for an uncertain future

Heightened geopolitical uncertainty, AI dominance and the need for diversification were defining themes at Net Zero Investor’s Transition and Climate Investment Forum, as asset owners and managers gathered in London

Content Tags: Pensions  Policy  Transition  Asset Allocation 

Opening the discussions, Lindsey Stewart, director of institutional insight at Morningstar and chair of the event, said the energy transition and physical risks remained among asset owners’ key priorities. However, he acknowledged that they were operating in an increasingly volatile and complex geopolitical environment.

The opening panel tackled this challenge head-on, starting from the premise that asset owners face an increasingly multipolar world. Tensions are particularly tangible in the US, where climate investing has increasingly come under fire, as Gerald Chen-Young, CIO of NPPFA, the National Public Pension Fund Association, acknowledged.


Private markets and Portfolio Construction | 5 November 2026 | Central Court, London


Comparing the energy transition to historical periods of change from the movement to universal suffrage, to abolitionism, to anti-smoking, he expressed optimism that progress ultimately could not be stopped. “When it comes to the eventual transition to clean, green, prudent, profitable sustainable and renewable energy. It's just a matter of time and political will.”

Against this backdrop, AI has emerged as a defining theme, argued Mirko Cardinale, head of investment strategy at the Universities Superannuation Scheme (USS), with the capital-intensive nature of the technology triggering a repricing of the cost of capital.

This trend was reinforced by an increasingly multipolar world, in which trade wars and geopolitical conflict had added to inflationary pressures, he said. Amid this uncertainty, the focus had to be on resilience, Cardinale stressed: “You need to focus on creating a robust portfolio where a wider set of outcomes is possible. In a world of competing powers, there will be policy divergence – that is the high-level view.”

Responding to the challenge Chen-Young warned that the growing concentration risks among tech stocks posed a need for a greater focus on risks. “Imagine going to your investment committees and trying to defend an allocation decision solely on the basis of highest returns? There are other considerations that have to bear in mind as part of the articulated long-term strategy for the given pool of assets.”

Turning to the investment opportunity, Beverley Gower-Jones, founder and managing partner of the Clean Growth Fund, argued that it was time for investors to rethink portfolio diversification. “If in your listed markets portfolio you are mainly invested in Mag 7 stocks, and in your alternatives portfolio you are invested in suppliers to the Mag 7, that is not diversification.”

The alternative, she suggested, was to focus on energy as the driving force behind the AI race, with opportunities now emerging in key bottlenecks such as grid and storage capacity.

For Chen-Young, this changing environment means that a pivot is required. "If we are indeed at the end of the secular 'great moderation' era as former Fed chair Ben S Bernanke termed, we are now witnessing the dawn of a new 'great rotation', then that is a solid case for reducing allocations to listed assets and expanding commitments to real assets. Couple this with the fact that inflation is very likely not a passing fad and what results is a powerful case for 'alpha'-type allocations rather than liquid but crowded and supremely overvalued assets, generic 'beta'-types of allocations. This could be a watershed moment for institutional investment management and portfolio positioning."

Against this volatile backdrop, a key mistake investors could make was to assume that not transitioning would come without a cost, argued Nigel Topping, chair of the UK’s Climate Change Committee, which advises the government on transition planning. He urged investors in the room to hold the line on climate investing: “A bit of zigzagging is fine, but please no flip-flopping.”

The committee’s latest forecasts show that a single fossil fuel price shock would cost the UK government more than the entire transition, he said, adding that there was much to gain from adapting now. The long-term rewards would be lower borrowing costs and higher incomes, he predicted.

Content Tags: Pensions  Policy  Transition  Asset Allocation 

Related Content