CO2 / PPM /Annual Averages / Data Source: noaa.gov 1980 338.91ppm 1981 340.11ppm 1982 340.86ppm 1983 342.53ppm 1984 344.07ppm 1985 345.54ppm 1986 346.97ppm 1987 348.68ppm 1988 351.16ppm 1989 352.78ppm 1990 354.05ppm 1991 355.39ppm 1992 356.1ppm 1993 356.83ppm 1994 358.33ppm 1995 360.18ppm 1996 361.93ppm 1997 363.04ppm 1998 365.7ppm 1999 367.8ppm 2000 368.97ppm 2001 370.57ppm 2002 372.59ppm 2003 375.14ppm 2004 376.96ppm 2005 378.97ppm 2006 381.13ppm 2007 382.9ppm 2008 385.01ppm 2009 386.5ppm 2010 388.76ppm 2011 390.63ppm 2012 392.65ppm 2013 395.39ppm 2014 397.34ppm 2015 399.65ppm 2016 403.09ppm 2017 405.22ppm 2018 407.62ppm 2019 410.07ppm 2020 412.44ppm 2021 414.72ppm 2022 418.56ppm 2023 421.08ppm 2024 424.61ppm 2025 427.35ppm
CO2 / PPM /Annual Averages / Data Source: noaa.gov 1980 338.91ppm 1981 340.11ppm 1982 340.86ppm 1983 342.53ppm 1984 344.07ppm 1985 345.54ppm 1986 346.97ppm 1987 348.68ppm 1988 351.16ppm 1989 352.78ppm 1990 354.05ppm 1991 355.39ppm 1992 356.1ppm 1993 356.83ppm 1994 358.33ppm 1995 360.18ppm 1996 361.93ppm 1997 363.04ppm 1998 365.7ppm 1999 367.8ppm 2000 368.97ppm 2001 370.57ppm 2002 372.59ppm 2003 375.14ppm 2004 376.96ppm 2005 378.97ppm 2006 381.13ppm 2007 382.9ppm 2008 385.01ppm 2009 386.5ppm 2010 388.76ppm 2011 390.63ppm 2012 392.65ppm 2013 395.39ppm 2014 397.34ppm 2015 399.65ppm 2016 403.09ppm 2017 405.22ppm 2018 407.62ppm 2019 410.07ppm 2020 412.44ppm 2021 414.72ppm 2022 418.56ppm 2023 421.08ppm 2024 424.61ppm 2025 427.35ppm

Risk Management

News & Views

‘Tipping points could become material over five to ten years’: how USS approaches climate risk

As USS publishes its ninth TCFD report, the UK's largest private pension scheme explains why it is moving away from precise climate forecasts in favour of a greater focus on near-term tipping points, macroeconomic resilience and portfolio flexibility

News & Views

Australian Ethical to challenge Macquarie on net zero financing

The superannuation investor says 2026 disclosures suggest Macquarie is abandoning its pledge to reduce fossil fuel financing

News & Views

Investors warn EU against linking Arctic fossil fuels to energy security

Ahead of the upcoming strategy update, investors have called for maintaining fossil fuel exploration restrictions

Briefs
News & Views

Short-term mandates, long-term risks: insurers face regulatory dilemma

General insurers possess unparalleled insights into climate change risks, yet their investment focus on short-dated bonds and their reliance on external managers poses constraints on their ability to implement net zero targets

News & Views

Sovereign transition pricing is entering the fixed income investor playbook

New tools, data and analysis link sovereign bond performance to climate resilience

Briefs

ECB imposes €7.6m penalty on Crédit Agricole for insufficient climate risk assessments

The bank says the penalty – linked to a temporary infringement – does not reflect its climate commitments

News & Views

‘Toolkit is broken’: climate modelling is straying away from climate science

Scientists warn damage functions within mainstream economic climate models are underestimating climate impact

News & Views

“Better to be roughly right than precisely wrong”: IoFA issues warning against mainstream climate models

New analysis from the UK’s Institute and Faculty of Actuaries and University of Exeter shows global warming is accelerating faster than expected, with models lagging behind

News & Views

Climate fiduciaries: part III – mind the model gap

Climate models help pension funds estimate the financial costs of climate change, they are often imperfect. Do pension funds have a fiduciary obligation to critically engage with the models they adopt?

News & Views

Nature risk: the missing pillar of credible climate transition plans

While tracking climate risk has become common place for institutional investors, many fail to consider nature risks warn Rohan Bowater, co-founder at Accela Research and Eleanor Whittle, founder of Alopias Earth

Briefs

Climate risks make or break energy infrastructure deals, new study shows

An investor sentiment survey by consulting firm S-RM has found that climate risks play a vital role in shaping deal success in energy infrastructure. The data also shows increasing investor confidence in the sector

Partner Content

What we’ve learnt from our just adaptation engagements

Carlota Garcia-Manas, Head of Climate Transition and ESG Engagement and Charles Stott, Responsible Investment Analyst at Royal London Asset Management explore how climate adaptation can be designed to deliver fair outcomes for people and the planet - sharing insights from a year of engagement across sectors

News & Views

America’s LNG infrastructure boom is built on shaky ground

The US has drastically scaled up its LNG production capacity, becoming the world’s largest exporter of the fossil fuel, but the boom could soon come to an end, posing significant investment risks

Partner Content

Out now: Spark! Infrastructure: the LNG bubble

The third issue of Spark! zooms in on the role of infrastructure investment, covering both risks of stranded assets in LNG as well as emerging opportunities in transition assets