CO2 / PPM /Annual Averages / Data Source: noaa.gov 1980 338.91ppm 1981 340.11ppm 1982 340.86ppm 1983 342.53ppm 1984 344.07ppm 1985 345.54ppm 1986 346.97ppm 1987 348.68ppm 1988 351.16ppm 1989 352.78ppm 1990 354.05ppm 1991 355.39ppm 1992 356.1ppm 1993 356.83ppm 1994 358.33ppm 1995 360.18ppm 1996 361.93ppm 1997 363.04ppm 1998 365.7ppm 1999 367.8ppm 2000 368.97ppm 2001 370.57ppm 2002 372.59ppm 2003 375.14ppm 2004 376.96ppm 2005 378.97ppm 2006 381.13ppm 2007 382.9ppm 2008 385.01ppm 2009 386.5ppm 2010 388.76ppm 2011 390.63ppm 2012 392.65ppm 2013 395.39ppm 2014 397.34ppm 2015 399.65ppm 2016 403.09ppm 2017 405.22ppm 2018 407.62ppm 2019 410.07ppm 2020 412.44ppm 2021 414.72ppm 2022 418.56ppm 2023 421.08ppm 2024 424.61ppm 2025 427.35ppm
CO2 / PPM /Annual Averages / Data Source: noaa.gov 1980 338.91ppm 1981 340.11ppm 1982 340.86ppm 1983 342.53ppm 1984 344.07ppm 1985 345.54ppm 1986 346.97ppm 1987 348.68ppm 1988 351.16ppm 1989 352.78ppm 1990 354.05ppm 1991 355.39ppm 1992 356.1ppm 1993 356.83ppm 1994 358.33ppm 1995 360.18ppm 1996 361.93ppm 1997 363.04ppm 1998 365.7ppm 1999 367.8ppm 2000 368.97ppm 2001 370.57ppm 2002 372.59ppm 2003 375.14ppm 2004 376.96ppm 2005 378.97ppm 2006 381.13ppm 2007 382.9ppm 2008 385.01ppm 2009 386.5ppm 2010 388.76ppm 2011 390.63ppm 2012 392.65ppm 2013 395.39ppm 2014 397.34ppm 2015 399.65ppm 2016 403.09ppm 2017 405.22ppm 2018 407.62ppm 2019 410.07ppm 2020 412.44ppm 2021 414.72ppm 2022 418.56ppm 2023 421.08ppm 2024 424.61ppm 2025 427.35ppm

Legal

News & Views

Council pension fund and Hymans challenged in court over climate risk assessment

The Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea (RBKC) Pension Fund and its actuary, Hymans Robertson, are facing a judicial review as climate campaigners challenge the fund’s climate risk assessment

News & Views

Chubb faces lawsuit over excluded climate proposal

Shareholder advocacy group As You Sow has filed a lawsuit against global insurance giant Chubb Limited after it excluded a climate-related proposal from its 2026 proxy materials

News & Views

Could legal challenges block the EPA’s move to roll back greenhouse gas rules?

To discredit the endangerment finding on legal grounds, the EPA must first accept emissions are a ‘major’ issue

News & Views

‘Earth shattering’: US investors react to EPA repeal of endangerment findings

US investors warn the rollback of EPA endangerment findings could undermine the US energy transition, disrupt long-term climate investments, and create costly regulatory patchworks

News & Views

Climate fiduciaries: part III – mind the model gap

Climate models help pension funds estimate the financial costs of climate change, they are often imperfect. Do pension funds have a fiduciary obligation to critically engage with the models they adopt?

Briefs
News & Views

Climate fiduciaries: part II – the duty of even-handedness

The second instalment of this series on climate-related fiduciary duty explores the duty of even-handedness and its link to climate investing. This crucial fine print of fiduciary rules is at the heart of on-going legal proceedings against CPPIB

News & Views

Climate fiduciaries: part I – the climate prisoner’s dilemma

Do pension funds have a fiduciary duty to make climate-aware investment decisions? Some members are prepared to take the question to court. In this three-part series, NZI investigates the pieces of the climate fiduciary puzzle

News & Views

Cleared for rating: FCA sets out plan to regulate ESG rating providers

The FCA has launched a consultation on its proposed ESG regulatory regime. Beginnning June 2028, ESG ratings providers will be FCA-regulated. The approach, the regulator says, will increase investor confidence in ratings

Briefs

AkademikerPension warns SEC against ignoring no-action requests

Anders Shelde, CIO of Danish pension fund AkademikerPension, has written to the SEC expressing concerns over the changes to America’s no-action requests mechanism. Schelde warns that new changes will erode investor rights and push climate to the periphery

News & Views

Young Canadians sue CPPIB over intergenerational climate risk

Four members of the Canada Pension Plan have launched a landmark lawsuit, arguing that the country’s largest pension fund is breaching its duty to protect contributors’ savings from climate-related risks and failing future generations of retirees.

Briefs

Bitter EU Omnibus debate complicates simplification

Sharp divisions among MEPs show there is no easy consensus for the EU’s simplification and competitivity agenda

News & Views

US regulators no longer see climate as a material financial risk

While the SEC has frozen plans for climate-related disclosures, the Federal Reserve, FDIC, US Treasury Department, and OCC have all walked out on Network for Greening the Financial System

Briefs
Briefs